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Beethoven was the child of a Flamian musician family and became a member of the electoral orchestra of Bonn in 1783. In 1787 he studied at Mozart's in Vienna and in 1792 he moved all to Vienna becoming a student of Joseph Haydn. The Vienna High Society loved him as a piano player as well as as composer. In 1802 his deafness became serious making Beethoven a real eccentric until his death in 1827.- Writer
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James Hogg was born on 25 January 1770 in Ettrick, Selkirkshire, Scotland, UK. He was a writer, known for Only One Night (1939), Memoirs of a Sinner (1986) and Festival (1960). He died on 21 November 1835 in Altrive, Yarrow of the Borders, Scotland, UK.- Hegel first attended the German and Latin schools in Stuttgart. Afterwards he was a student at the local "Gymnasium illustre" until he graduated in 1788. His special academic achievements earned him a scholarship that enabled him to study philology, mathematics, philosophy between 1788 and 1793 and, after his master's degree in 1790, to study theology at the Tübingen monastery. During this time he met the later poet Friedrich Hölderlin and the later philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling and maintained a friendly relationship with them. During his time, Hegel was particularly interested in antiquity and the French Revolution. After his studies in the monastery, Hegel worked as a private tutor in Bern and Frankfurt/M for a while. busy. An inheritance gave him the financial security to devote himself to his philosophy.
In 1801 his work "Difference between the Fichtean and Schelling systems" was published. The following year the title "Faith and Knowledge" was published. The connection to Schelling enabled him to complete his habilitation at the University of Jena. In 1805 Hegel became an associate professor of philosophy. At this time, the poets Novalis, Ludwig Tieck and the brothers Friedrich and August Wilhelm Schlegel made Jena the center of German Romanticism. In addition, Friedrich Schiller taught history at Jena University, as did the idealists Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Schelling, philosophy. In 1806, Napoleon defeated the troops of Prussia, Russia and Saxony near Jena and Auerstedt. The Prussian Empire collapsed and Hegel left Jena. In the same year he completed work on his first central work, "Phenomenology of Spirit". It was published in 1807 in Bamberg and Würzburg. In the same year he briefly worked as editor of the "Bamberger Zeitung".
The following year he became rector of the Ägidyengymnasium in Nuremberg, which he directed until 1815. During this time, the first two volumes of his second important work, "Science of Logic," were published. The third volume was published in 1816. In this work Hegel outlines the development of the absolute. After his time in Nuremberg, Hegel went to Heidelberg, where he held a chair in philosophy. There he produced the "Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences" in 1817, which sets out the outline of his philosophical system. The encyclopedia work systematically summarizes Hegel's approaches in his other writings into an overall view that also contains his natural philosophical ideas. His system influenced Marxism and Neo-Hegelianism as well as modern philosophical systems. In 1818 he left Heidelberg and moved to Berlin. There he became Fichte's successor at the Philosophical Faculty of the University. In 1821 his work on "Legal Philosophy" appeared. In it he explains his idea of practical philosophy, in which law, morality and morality mean the will of the mind.
Hegel regularly gave the lecture "On the Philosophy of World History" from 1822 to 1830. It gave him not only the reputation of a Prussian state philosopher, but also of the top German philosopher par excellence. In particular, his lectures on aesthetics, philosophy of religion and history, in which he presented his doctrine of "absolute spirit", had an enormously broad impact. His other teaching subjects also included philosophy of law, art and the history of philosophy.
Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel died of cholera in Berlin on November 14, 1831. - Hölderlin grew up in a pietistic family environment. From 1784 to 1788 he was a student at the monastery schools in Denkendorf and Maulbronn. He then studied philosophy and theology at the Tübingen monastery. There he met Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling, with whom he temporarily shared a room. In 1790 he founded a poets' association with Christian Ludwig Neuffer and Rudolf Magenau. In the Tübingen monastery, the ideas of the French Revolution were enthusiastically received, just as the political and theological situation in the country was met with rejection. During his time at the monastery, Hölderlin studied the works of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz, Plato, Friedrich Schiller, Benedictus de Spinoza and Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, which strongly influenced his thinking.
In 1790, Hölderlin received his doctorate in philosophy. In 1793 he completed his consistory examination. Nevertheless, he did not choose the spiritual profession because being a writer was closer to his heart. In order to realize this, he took on a number of court master positions to earn a living. Friedrich Schiller gave him a position as court master with the von Kalb family in Waltershausen, which Hölderlin held from 1793 to 1795. He then moved to Jena and attended lectures by the philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte. From 1796 to 1798 he was court master for the Frankfurt banking family Jakob Friedrich Gontard. Hölderlin fell in love with the banker's wife, Susette Gontard. She found her way into Hölderlin's poetry as Diotima. This period was the most productive in the poet's life.
When an argument with the banker arose because of his affection for Susette Gontard, Hölderlin left Frankfurt and went to Homburg. There he stayed with his friend Isaac von Sinclair, the highest official in the county, from 1798 to 1800. He then stayed briefly in Stuttgart and Nürtingen and then in 1801 took on two more court master positions in Hauptwil in Switzerland and in Bordeaux in France. In 1802 he returned to Germany. The first signs of Hölderlin's mental illness became noticeable. During a period of improvement, larger poems were written. Isaak von Sinclair got him a job as a librarian in Homburg. In 1806 his health deteriorated significantly and the poet had to go to a clinic in Tübingen for treatment.
The following year he was discharged as incurable. Hölderlin had become in need of care. Master carpenter Ernst Zimmer from Tübingen took over the care of the patient. The poet lived with him in a tower-like annex for 36 years in mental confusion. During his lifetime, Hölderlin only published the Sophocles translation, a few lyrical works and the novel "Hyperion or the Hermit in Greece (1797-1799). Due to the few publications, he remained largely unknown to his contemporaries. Hölderlin's view of the comprehensive unity of life as a contrast to the disunity of the present. For this ideal of man and society he chose ancient Greece, which he elevated to the future age with divine unity.
The poet tried to regain the loss of unity through human reflection through his poetry. In his work, pantheism and Christian doctrine confront each other, the synthesis of which the poet was no longer able to carry out in detail due to his illness. But Hölderlin also dealt strongly with this unity and wholeness of man, nature and gods in his lyrical works. Hölderlin's lyrical expression was based on ancient models. In lyrical development, his path led from various formal and metrical experiments through odes and elegies to hymns, which he created in free rhythms and thus the influence of Pindar became noticeable. Particularly in his hymns, Hölderlin represented the view of the poet as a mediator between the absolute and man.
The utopian idea of unity in the early hymns returned in the later works. In his odes, Hölderlin preferred to use the Alkaean and Asclepiadean verses. - Mathieu Jean-Baptiste Nioche de Tournay was born on 30 December 1770 in Le Mans, Sarthe, France. Mathieu Jean-Baptiste was a writer, known for Monsieur Vautour (1914). Mathieu Jean-Baptiste died on 7 February 1844 in Paris, France.
- William Clark (August 1, 1770 - September 1, 1838) was an American explorer, soldier, Indian agent, and territorial governor. A native of Virginia, he grew up in Pre-statehood Kentucky before later settling in what became the state of Missouri. Along with Meriwether Lewis, Clark led the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804-1806 across the Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific Ocean, the first major effort to explore and map much of what is now the Western United States and to assert American claims to the Pacific Northwest. Before the expedition, he served in a militia and the United States Army. Afterward, he served in a militia and as governor of the Missouri Territory. From 1822 until his death in 1838, he served as Superintendent of Indian Affairs.