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- Robert Edward Lee was a Confederate general who served the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War, during which he was appointed the overall commander of the Confederate States Army. He led the Army of Northern Virginia, the Confederacy's most powerful army, from 1862 until its surrender in 1865. During the war, Lee earned a solid reputation as a skilled tactician, for which he was revered by his officers and men as well as respected and feared by his adversaries in the Union Army.
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Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born on 27 February 1807 in Portland, Maine, USA. He was a writer, known for Temple of Our Fathers, The Wreck of the Hesperus (1948) and The Village Blacksmith (1922). He was married to Frances Elizabeth Appleton and Mary Storer Potter. He died on 24 March 1882 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.- Writer
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Giovanni Ruffini was born on 20 September 1807 in Genoa, Gênes, French Empire [now Liguria, Italy]. He was a writer, known for Rocky Balboa (2006), Doctor Anthony (1914) and Il dottor Antonio (1937). He died on 3 November 1881 in Genoa, Liguria, Italy.- Emilie Flygare-Carlén was born on 8 August 1807 in Strömstad, Västra Götalands län, Sweden. She was a writer, known for På livets ödesvägar (1913), Rosen på Tistelön (1945) and Ett köpmanshus i skärgården (1925). She was married to Johan Gabriel Carlén and Axel Flygare. She died on 5 February 1892 in Stockholm, Sweden.
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American poet and writer John Greenleaf Whittier was born on December 17, 1807, near Haverhill, Massachusetts. He grew up on a farm with an extended family, consisting of three siblings--two sisters and a brother--and his mother's sister and his father's brother. The farm was fairly large but not particularly profitable, and the family made just enough money to get by. Whittier was a rather sickly child, and couldn't help out with farm chores very often (among other problems, his color-blindness made it difficult for him to distinguish between ripe and unripe fruits) and his frailty and bad health were problems for him throughout his life.
His formal education was not particularly extensive--due to his family's ongoing financial problems and his own poor health--but he developed into an avid reader who studied his father's books on the Quaker religion so thoroughly that the theology became the guiding principles in his life. He was strongly influenced by the religion's emphasis on one's responsibility to one's fellow human beings, which contributed to his becoming a fervent abolitionist later in his adult life.
Introduced to poetry by a teacher, Whittier wrote his first poem, "The Exile's Departure", in 1826. His sister thought so highly of it that she sent it to a newspaper, the Newburyport Free Press, and its editor, the abolitionist publisher William Lloyd Garrison, published it in the June 8 edition. Garrison was also impressed by the young boy's writing ability and urged him to attend the Haverhill Academy, a recently opened private school. Paying his tuition with money obtained from a variety of jobs--including shoemaker and teacher--he graduated from the Academy in 1828. Garrison hired him as editor of his weekly publication The American Manufacturer in Boston. Whittier soon developed into a fierce opponent of President Andrew Jackson, and in 1830 he was hired as the editor of the prestigious New England Weekly Review in Hartford, Connecticut, which was one of the most prominent Whig publications in the region.
Whittier ran for Congress in 1832 but lost. The experience caused him to have a nervous breakdown, and he returned home to the family farm at Haverhill to recuperate. The next year he resumed his relationship with Garrison, and soon joined his mentor in the abolitionist cause. He published an anti-slavery pamphlet, "Justice and Expediency". The pamphlet earned him the wrath of Northern businessmen and Southern slaveowners, effectively ending any hopes he may have harbored for a political career, and he devoted the next 20 years of his life to helping rid the country of the cancer of slavery. He helped to found the American Anti-Slavery Society, and was a very effective lobbyist in Congress for the cause, helping to recruit quite a few congressmen to the abolitionist movement. His activities were not without consequences, though. He received more than a few death threats, was stoned by mobs in his travels around the country and was run out of town several times. This didn't stop his activities on behalf of the movement, however, and in 1838 he became editor of The Pennsylvania Freeman, an anti-slavery newspaper in Philadelphia, a position he held for the next two years (in that same year the newspaper moved to a new office, which was promptly burned down by a rioting pro-slavery mob). Unfortunately, he and Garrison developed differences over the direction of the abolitionist movement, and the two bitterly split in 1839.
Whittier went on to help form the Liberty Party, an abolitionist political group. However, the combination of his editorial duties, his poetry and prose writings, his activities in the abolitionist movement, the violence directed against it--and him--and his continuing health problems contributed to his having yet another nervous breakdown. He returned to his home in Amesbury, and stayed there for the rest of his life. Although that ended his active participation in the abolitionist movement, he was still a strong supporter of it, and helped the Liberty Party to evolve into the Free Soil Party. In 1847 Whittier became editor of The National Era, probably the most powerful and influential abolitionist paper in the North, a post he held for the next ten years, and contributed what many believe to be his best writing to the paper. With the passage of the 13th Amendment in 1865, which outlawed slavery, Whittier ended his abolitionist activities and devoted himself to writing poetry. He was one of the founding members of The Atlantic Monthly--a publication that survives to this day--and in 1867 he met Charles Dickens while the renowned British author was on a visit to the U.S., an event that left a deep impression on him.
Although Whittier spent virtually his entire life in Massachusetts, he died at the home of a friend in Hampton Falls, New Hampshire, on September 7, 1892. Among his most famous works are the poems "Barbara Frietchie", "Snow-Bound" and "The Brewing of Soma". The city of Whittier, California--home of former US President Richard Nixon--is named after him.- He grew up here and attended school. As a sailor, he joined Giuseppe Mazzini's "Giovine Italia" (Young Italy) in 1833, only to go into exile from February 1834 after the failure of the conspiratorial organization's first attempt at an uprising. Various jobs followed, which included him, among other things: In 1836 he reached Rio de Janeiro, where he founded a Brazilian section of "Young Italy" with other Italian emigrants. After his participation in the democratic and separatist uprising of the Brazilian province of Rio Grande do Sul, he was forced to move to Montevideo in Uruguay in 1841. Here he fought as a fleet commander with other Italian emigrants on the side of the progressive-democratic forces of Uruguay against the anti-democratic direction supported by Argentina. In the spring of 1848, the revolutionary news from Italy ended the involvement of the "Italian Legion" in the civil war in Uruguay, where Garibaldi had at least become commander-in-chief of all armed forces.
Returning to Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi took part in the Piedmontese war against Austria in 1848/49 with his volunteer associations called the "Red Shirts". The tenacious, if ultimately unsuccessful, defense of the Roman Republic established his fame in the liberal-democratic movement of all Italian states. In September 1849, the suppression of the revolutions drove him into his second exile, which took him to Peru via Tunis, Tangier and New York. There he took command of a merchant ship in 1851, with which he sailed to China. In 1854 Garibaldi arrived in London, where he confronted Mazzini about his defection to the moderate wing of the Italian national movement around Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, which, in contrast to republican Mazzinism, promoted a monarchical solution to the national question under the leadership of the Piedmontese-Savoy ruling dynasty. Garibaldi's surprising conversion was clearly confirmed in 1856 when he joined the Piedmontese-oriented "Italian National Association" ("Società nazionale italiana").
After personal coordination with Cavour and the Savoyard monarch Victor Emmanuel II, Garibaldi successfully took part in the Piedmontese-French war against Austria in 1859 as commander of the Alpine hunters, which ended with the partial independence of the northern Italian territories. At the beginning of May 1860 he finally led the legendary "Procession of a Thousand" to Sicily, with which he freed the island and the entire southern Italian mainland from Bourbon rule by October and prepared their incorporation into the newly emerging Italian national state. The Garibaldins' intended further march against the Papal States was stopped by Cavour's intervention out of diplomatic consideration. On October 26, 1860, at a meeting with the king in Teano, just outside Naples, Giuseppe Garibaldi expressed his submission to the Piedmontese-Savoy leadership with a brief but famous "I obey" ("Obbedisco") to Victor Emmanuel II Expression.
After the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in March 1861, Garibaldi, now in open opposition to the moderate-liberal leadership elite of the new Italy, unsuccessfully fought for the liberation of the Papal States that remained under papal rule in 1862 and 1867. In 1866, as commander of the volunteer associations, he contributed victoriously to the Prussian-Italian war against Austria, which resulted in the integration of Veneto into the Italian national state. In 1870/71, Garibaldi escaped from the arrest imposed on him by the police on his "home island" of Caprera to defend the new French Republic against the Prussian invaders, over whom he won a victory at Dijon. In the last decade of his life, "the general" only took part in the domestic political discourse in Italy in a journalistic capacity.
Giuseppe Garibaldi died on June 2, 1882 in Caprera. With his death, not only Italian but also global myth-making began about the charismatic people's liberation fighter. - Ernest Legouve was born on 14 February 1807 in Paris, France. He was a writer, known for Adriana Lecouvreur (1919), Devil-May-Care (1929) and Dita di fata (1921). He died on 14 March 1903 in Paris, France.
- Jónas Hallgrímsson was born on 16 November 1807 in Hraun, Öxnadalur, Iceland. Jónas was a writer, known for M'anam (2018). Jónas died on 26 May 1845 in Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Henry Louis Vivian Derozio was born on 18 April 1807 in Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India. Henry Louis Vivian died on 26 December 1831 in Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India.
- Ventura de la Vega was born on 14 July 1807 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He was a writer, known for El hombre de mundo (1949), Estudio 1 (1965) and Teatro de siempre (1966). He was married to Manuela Oreiro de Lema. He died on 29 November 1865 in Madrid, Spain.