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Jacob Grimm was a German folklorist, linguist, and philologist. He and his younger brother Wilhelm Grimm (1786 - 1859) co-operated in collecting, compiling, and revising German folk tales into "Grimms' Fairy Tales" (1812). By its final revised edition in 1857, the collection included 210 unique fairy tales. Grimm also published the historical treatise "Teutonic Mythology" (Deutsche Mythologie, 1835) on Germanic mythology and its impact in modern German folk culture. He spend his last years working on "The German Dictionary" (Deutsches Wörterbuch), the largest and most comprehensive dictionary of High German. It was left unfinished with his death, but was expanded and finished by other scholars. Its first complete edition was published in 1961, nearly a century after Grimm's death.
In 1785, Grimm was born in Hanau, Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel. His father was the lawyer Philipp Grimm (d. 1796). His father died when Grimm was 11-years-old, severely reducing the Grimm family's income and social status. However, Jacob received financial help from a maternal aunt who served as a lady of the chamber to the Landgravine of Hesse.
Grimm was educated at public schools, and enrolled at the University of Marburg in 1802. He was initially only interested in studying law, but he was impressed with the lectures of the historian Friedrich Carl von Savigny (1779 -1861). Savigny awakened in Jacob a love for historical and antiquarian research, and allowed the young man to study Middle High German texts from his personal library.
In 1805, Grimm joined his mentor Savigny in his work at Paris, where he took time to study available medieval texts. In 1806, Grimm found a new job, working in the war office at Kassel. His salary was meager, but provided him with enough free time to pursue his own interests.
In 1808, Grimm was appointed superintendent of the private library of Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia (1784-1860, reigned 1807-1813). He also as an auditor to the state council. His combined salary for these two positions were 4000 francs. Following Jerome's deposition, Grimm served as Secretary of Legation in Hesse-Kassel. He spend a few years trying to claim restitutions of books from Kassel that had been taken by the French Army.
In 1816, Grimm was appointed as the second librarian at the Kassel library, second-in-command for this department. He worked closely with his brother Wilhelm, who was also employed as a librarian at this library. In 1828, the chief librarian died. Both brothers were nominated for promotion, but were disappointed when the vacant seat was occupied by another candidate.
In 1829, the frustrated Jacob accepted an offer to work as both a professor and a librarian at the University of Göttingen. He lectured on legal history, historical grammar, literary history, and diplomatics. He also provided commentaries on Old German poetry and the "Germania" of Tacitus, one of the oldest surviving works on Germanic history and culture.
In 1837, Jacob and Grimm were both included in the Göttingen Seven, academics who protested against the planned abolition of the constitution of the Kingdom of Hanover by the new monarch, Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover (1771-1851, reigned 1837-1851). The academics were all fired by the king, and the Grimm Brothers were exiled. The brothers spend a few years under reduced circumstances in Kassel.
In 1840, Grimm was appointed a professor at the University of Berlin, after accepting an offer of employment Frederick William IV of Prussia (1795-1861, reigned 1840-1861). By the terms of his employment, he was not actually obligated to lecture students. He chose to only lecture on occasion, devoting much of his time to compiling more literary works.
Grimm died in September 1863, while still working in Berlin. He was 78-years-old at the time of his death. He had never married and had no known descendants. His legacy includes a large influence on several fields of scholarship, and frequent adaptations of his fairy tales over the following centuries. He is the originator of "Grimm's law" in linguistics, which is used in the study of the Proto-Indo-European language.- Writer
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William Makepeace Thackeray (18 July 1811 - 24 December 1863) was a British novelist, author and illustrator. He is known for his satirical works, particularly his 1848 novel Vanity Fair, a panoramic portrait of British society, and the 1844 novel The Luck of Barry Lyndon, which was adapted for a 1975 film by Stanley Kubrick.- Robert Gould Shaw was born on 10 October 1837 in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Robert Gould was a writer, known for Glory (1989). Robert Gould was married to Annie Haggerty. Robert Gould died on 18 July 1863 in Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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Franz Xaver Gruber was an Austrian primary school teacher, church organist and composer in the village of Arnsdorf, who is best known for composing the music to "Stille Nacht" ("Silent Night"). Gruber was born on 25 November 1787 in the village of Hochburg-Ach, Upper Austria, the son of linen weavers, Josef and Maria Gruber. His given name was recorded in the baptismal record as "Conrad Xavier," but this was later changed to "Franz Xaver". The Hochburger schoolteacher Andreas Peterlechner gave him music lessons.- Composer
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Felipe Villanueva was born on 5 February 1862 in Tecámac, Mexico, Mexico. He was a composer, known for Una joven de 16 años (1963), Mala Leche (2004) and El fiscal de hierro 3 (1992). He died on 28 May 1863 in Mexico City, Mexico.- Actor
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Delacroix studied at the Paris Academy and was a student of Pierre Narcisse Guérin, who taught him classicist painting. But Delacroix was an admirer of the Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens, whose style he mainly embraced in his own work. He also took his cue from the work of the French painter and graphic artist Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault or from Venetian painters and English plein air painters such as John Constable and Richard Parkes Bonington. Delacroix visited the English landscape painter John Constable in England in 1825. Delacroix maintained friendships with the Polish composer and pianist Frederic Chopin and with the French novelist George Sand. The artist often drew his motifs from literature. Authors such as Dante Alighieri, William Shakespeare, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Sir Walter Scott and George Gordon Noël Byron were influential for him in this regard.
In 1827, lithographs for Goethe's "Faust" were created. Or he was inspired by the history of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. His early major work entitled "Dante and Virgil in Hell" was written in 1822 and is now kept in the Louvre. It was presented and celebrated to the public at the Paris Art Salon in the same year. On the other hand, his painting entitled "The Massacre of Chios", created in 1824, sparked controversial discussions. Critics and audiences were bothered by Delacroix's bright colors and his free and dramatic style of expression, which went against the classical French painting tradition. Delacroix's most famous painting is entitled "Freedom Leads the People to the Barricade" and was created in 1831. In it, the artist processed his impressions of the July Revolution. In 1832 he went on a long journey to North Africa. The experiences and impressions there expanded his motivations, from which he benefited for the rest of his life.
From this time onwards, the animated hunt for wild animals or impressive oriental scenes dominated his images. The picture "The Women of Algiers in their Chamber" was created in 1834. Today the work can be found in the Louvre in Paris. After his return, the audience had come to terms with Delacroix's own stylistic language, which found broad acceptance. This gave him a number of public contracts. He created the fresco paintings in the libraries in the Palais Borbon and the Palais Luxembourg. He was also responsible for the ceiling painting in the Salon d'Appolon in the Louvre. The animal motifs, such as the title "Tiger Hunt" (1854), which he executed colorfully and with liveliness, acquired great importance in his overall work. His practical artistic activity was accompanied by his diary entries, which richly document his work and life. Delacroix was also an important art theorist who worked on color analysis. His notes on these investigations are still valid today.- He grew up in poor circumstances and was denied higher education and university studies. Hebbel acquired his education autodidactically through constant reading while he worked as an errand boy and clerk for a church playmaster. His first poems were published in regional newspapers. In 1835 he went to Hamburg to prepare for studies. There he met Elise Lensing, his future lover, with whom he had two children. She and the writer Amalia Schoppe made it possible for him to stay in Hamburg. This period also marked the beginning of his diaries, in which he reflected on art, philosophy and his own works, and they also provide information about his life. They are among the most interesting remarks in 19th century literature. He stopped studying law in Heidelberg in 1836.
Hebbel went to Munich because he thought there would be better opportunities for his writing there. During this time he studied the great tragedies of Aeschylus, William Shakespeare and Friedrich Schiller. After an unsuccessful stay, he returned to Hamburg in 1839. There he worked as a reviewer and contributor to the "Telegraphen für Deutschland", a paper published by Karl Gotzkow. In 1840 Hebbel completed work on the tragedy "Judith", which established his reputation as a dramatic writer. In his polemic "My Word on Drama" (1843) he published his views on art and drama. In the same year he went on a trip to Paris, which he financed with a travel grant granted by the Danish king. There he met Heinrich Heine and the radical democrat Arnold Ruge. Further trips to Rome and Naples followed. In 1848 he finished an edition of poems that he dedicated to Ludwig Uhland.
His philosophical thoughts are reflected in the lyrical works, without developing them into pure abstract thought poetry. They are connected with reflections, personal and allegorical interpretations. From 1845 Hebbel lived in Vienna, where he also met his future wife, Christine Enghaus. They married in 1846. At the time of the revolution in 1848, the writer was already one of the well-known personalities in Vienna. As a zealous journalist, he championed the constitutional monarchy on a democratic basis. The marriage drama "Herod and Marianne" (1850) was also written during this time. In 1855 the drama "Agnes Bernauer" was published, which depicts the conflict between the individual right to freedom and love and the comprehensive state power. Here and in Hebbel's other dramas it becomes clear that the author addresses the concept of a lasting moral world order and uses less socio-historical change processes as a means of representation.
Hebbel consistently advocated independence for art. In the design of his dramatic works he followed the traditional structure. "Gyges and his Ring" was written in 1856. Hebbel was honored with the Schiller Prize in 1863 for the "Nibelungen" trilogy (1862). The national material and the author were particularly captured by the National Socialists in the Third Reich. This reception was damaging to the author. But criticism also came from colleagues, such as Gottfried Keller and other contemporaries. The accusations against Hebbel's material design were "artificial and complicated motivation" and "historical arbitrariness". On the other hand, there is the uniqueness of the "Nibelungen" design, which is based on the interplay of archaic size and a realism of individual psychological coloring.
In general, the mutual connection and interpenetration of the individual and the general is a basic literary tendency of Christian Friedrich Hebbel. The playwright gave the literary genre of tragedy a new dimension with "Maria Magdalena" (1844) and the conflict in the lower middle class world. His other works include "Genoveva" (1843), "The Diamond" (1847), "A Tragedy in Sicily" (1851), "Tales and Novellas" (1855), "Mother and Child" (1859) or "Demetrius" (1864).
Christian Friedrich Hebbel died on December 13, 1863 in Vienna. - Józef Korzeniowski was born on 19 March 1797 in Brody, Galicia, Habsburg Monarchy [now Ukraine]. Józef was a writer, known for Karpaccy górale (1915) and Mistrz tanca (1969). Józef died on 17 September 1863 in Dresden, Saxony, Germany.
- Stonewall Jackson was born on 21 January 1824 in Clarksburg, Virginia, USA. He died on 10 May 1863 in Guinea Station, Virginia, USA.
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Sam Houston is an American soldier and politician. An important leader of the Texas Revolution, Houston served as the first and third president of the Republic of Texas, and was one of the first two individuals to represent Texas in the United States Senate. He also served as the sixth governor of Tennessee and the seventh governor of Texas, the only American to be elected governor of two different states in the United States.
Born in Rockbridge County, Virginia, Houston and his family migrated to Maryville, Tennessee when Houston was a teenager. Houston later ran away from home and spent time with the Cherokee, becoming known as Raven. He served under General Andrew Jackson in the War of 1812. With the support of Jackson and others, Houston won election to the United States House of Representatives in 1823. He strongly supported Jackson's presidential candidacies, and in 1827, Houston was elected as the governor of Tennessee. In 1829, Houston resigned from office, and joined his Cherokee friends in Arkansas Territory.
Sam Houston settled in Texas in 1832. After the Battle of Gonzales, Houston helped organize Texas's provisional government and was selected as the top-ranking official in the Texian Army. He led the Texian Army to victory at the Battle of San Jacinto, the decisive battle in Texas's war for independence against Mexico. After the war, Houston won election in the 1836 Texas presidential election. He left office due to term limits in 1838, but won election to another term in the 1841 Texas presidential election.
He was an unsuccessful candidate for the presidential nomination of the American Party in the 1856 presidential election and the Constitutional Union Party in the 1860 presidential election. In 1859, Houston won election as the governor of Texas. He was forced out of office in 1861 and died in 1863. Houston's name has been honored in numerous ways, and he is the eponym of the city of Houston, the fourth most populous city in the United States.- Writer
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Clement Moore was born on 15 July 1779 in New York City, New York, USA. He was a writer, known for Lance's Crappy Christmas (2021), The Night Before Christmas (1912) and Mission Rejected (2019). He was married to Catherine Taylor. He died on 10 July 1863 in Newport, Rhode Island, USA.