The opening in which Holmes shows that a student named Gilchrist had broken into a professor's office to see an exam is a reference to the original Sherlock Holmes story, "The Adventure of the Three Students."
"The Adventure of the Devil's Foot", which was alluded to by way of the documentary, Bertram Iwan "Devil's Foot", is one of the original Sherlock Holmes stories, written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
One of the only times that Sherlock actually uses a disguise and foreign (to him) accent, which the Victorian character from the novels was famous for doing.