Many are fed up with seeing the Viking age depicted with so much brown leather, tattooed heads, woke casting and punk rock haircuts. So when Robert Eggers, a director whose previous two films each dealt with pagan mythology and folklore in a nuanced and thought provoking way, announced that his third film would be about Vikings, I wasn't the only one who dared to get his hopes up.
The Northman is indeed consistent with Eggers' last film The Lighthouse, which delves into mythology as a means to explore the dark caverns of the human psyche. Yet unlike any his previous films, it contains impressively choreographed, high octane, action sequences which will appeal to an entirely different audience.
In a nod to the first ever story recorded in Western literature, the Odyssey, the Northman also begins with a plot summary in the form of a pagan invocation. While the immortal lines in Ancient Greek invoke the Muse, likely the goddess Calliope, the husky narration of a character later revealed to be a priest of Odin, invokes that god and then reveals exactly what is going to happen with merciless disregard for spoiler-sensitive surprise-enjoyers. This introduction is also highly reminiscent of the opening of Conan the Barbarian which presents the film as a story told by a wizened old yarn spinner, much like this Odinic priest. Right from the get-go, the very pagan theme of fate inexorably leading our protagonist to his end is introduced, and we know what must occur before we finish our popcorn.
Spoilers should not concern anyone who knows the story of Shakespeare's Hamlet since this plot borrows from the same source Shakespeare referred to; the medieval Danish tale of Amleth recorded in the 12th century by Saxo Grammaticus. Amleth was previously adapted for the screen in Prince of Jutland (1994), starring a young Christian Bale as 'Amled'. Eggers has replaced Denmark with the more dramatic landscape of Iceland, and England with the easternmost colony of the Viking world in Ukraine. But Eggers' Amleth does not feign madness like Hamlet, rather he descends into a very real divine madness after being initiated as a wolf of Odin.
This transformation is depicted in two scenes showing separate Odinic initiation rituals. The first is early in the film, during Amleth's childhood, when his father King Aurvandil War-Raven initiates his son into manhood with the help of the court jester, Heimir. This 'fool' character is not in the original story but his inclusion was a stroke of real genius on Eggers' part. Heimir is a clear nod to Shakespeare's Yorick, the court jester Hamlet remembered so fondly from his childhood, but who appears in the play only in the form of a disembodied skull. The name Amleth itself, in its Icelandic form Amlóði, had come to mean a fool or jester in medieval Iceland, but it is thought to have originated from a term using the suffix óðr, a word cognate with Odin which refers to the divine madness or frenzy with which that god was associated. Since Amleth's feigned stupidity is replaced by Odinic frenzy in this plot, his feigned stupidity is instead personified as a character who Defoe skilfully portrays in a manner at turns hilarious and terrifying. But Heimir is also a deeply Odinic figure who introduces the young Amleth to the mysteries of the Odin cult in a visually captivating scene which reimagines the world tree of Norse mythology as a family tree which connects all the royal lineages to the god Odin. While this interpretation of the world tree would be alien to Viking pagans, they certainly did believe that kings were descended from Odin and this visual device also serves to illustrate an unforeseen plot twist at the end of the film. During the first initiation, young Amleth not only "becomes" a wolf of Odin, but is also advised by the fool in regards to the mystery of women which he says is connected to the Norns; semi-divine female entities who weave the fates of gods and men. Some Viking-age women practised a kind of shamanic, divinatory magic relating to the threads of fate which was called seiðr - a word which originally referred to a kind of thread like those used in spinning. Odin himself had to learn this magic from a goddess. The theme of the threads of fate is frequently invoked throughout the film with shots of spinning whorls and woollen threads as well as a Norn-like witch played by Icelandic popstar Björk. While Shakespeare's Hamlet agonises over the question of his own being and is thereby delayed from the righteous action of vengeance, Eggers' Amleth remains almost constantly focused on his vendetta, and when he tries to turn from this path, the threads of fate pull him back to his inevitable end.
The second Odinic initiation scene occurs when Amleth has become a man with enormous trapezius muscles (row-maxing will do that), employed as a slaver in the kingdom of the Rus in Ukraine. He and a group of men all wearing the skins of wolves are led by a horned priest in a shamanistic ritual which culminates in them howling and snarling like wolves. The priest wears a headdress with horns which terminate in bird heads and this motif is recorded on dozens of artefacts from Anglo-Saxon England and Scandinavia all of which are thought to pertain to a cult of Odin, with the birds representing that god's two ravens. Several depictions also show the horned man dancing with spears and one such depiction from Sweden shows the dancer next to a man in a wolf skin. Thus the priest in this scene struts rhythmically around a ritual fire brandishing two spears in one hand.
This is followed by a testosteronous, adrenaline pumping sequence where the wolf men raid a Slavic town for slaves. The town's defenders launch a spear at Amleth who catches it in mid air and returns it in one impressively fluid movement. This seemingly impossible manoeuvre is taken directly from the medieval Icelandic story of Njáls in which the Viking hero Gunnar catches a spear and throws it straight back into his enemy. So even the action choreography has benefited from consulting historical sources!
After the raid Amleth receives advice from the witch Björk who sets him back on his fated path of revenge, stowing away on a slave shipment to Iceland. This part was rather silly, since Russian slaves are unlikely to have been sent further west than Sweden (Icelanders were able to acquire slaves more locally from Scotland and Ireland). Presumably historical accuracy was set aside here because Eggers wanted the love interest, Olga, to be some kind of Slavic pagan witch who could be integrated into the dream-like sequences pertaining to fate and the Norns. Couldn't she have been a Celtic witch?
Next Olga and Amleth live as slaves on a remote Icelandic farm owned by his uncle and Mother who don't recognise him. This part of the film bears rather a close resemblance to 'When the Raven Flies' (1984), an Icelandic film about an Irish slave who seeks revenge on the Vikings who murdered his parents. There is then an innovative and enigmatic sequence in which Amleth is led by a fox to a cave in which he finds a priest of Odin. The priest, like Shakespeare's gravedigger in Hamlet, shows Amleth the disembodied head of the court jester he loved so well as a boy. But this is not merely a skull like Yorick's, rather the priest has preserved the head with magic, just as Odin preserved the severed head of Mimir so that it could recite to him the esoteric wisdom of Hell. Now we leave Elizabethan courts, descending into the misty realm of telluric pagan esotericism. We hear Defoe's voice speak from beyond the grave instructing Amleth to enter a barrow at night to retrieve a legendary sword with which he shall avenge his father. Heimir, like Mimir, serves as a prophet in death, but in fact he had been a prophet even in life too, for at the start of the film he makes lewd insinuations about Amleth's Mother the Queen. A grave warning disguised as bawdy humour.
We never see the lips of the head move, and as with all the supernatural sequences in the film, Eggers leaves open the possibility that these phenomena are only depictions of what the characters imagine or dream they are seeing. In the following scene when Amleth, beneath the light of the full moon, breaks into the barro, we see again how faithfully the film adheres to historical accuracy, since the corpse of the great man in the barrow can be dated to the pre-Viking Vendel era based on his weapons and armour. There are many stories of men retrieving ancient weapons from barrows such as the poem Hervararkviða in which a woman climbs into her father's barrow to retrieve a sword called Tyrfing. The corpse Amleth encounters is sat upright on a throne, which in Norse lore is a sure sign that he will come back to life as a zombie which the Vikings called a draugr. Sure enough an intense fight scene between Amleth and the draugr ensues, ending with Amleth shoving its decapitated head between its buttocks - this too is attested in the sources. But then it cuts back to Amleth standing before the seated corpse as though nothing had happened. Was it all a dream? Exactly the sort of supernatural ambiguity we should expect from Eggers.
The depiction of the Odinic priest wearing a woman's dress and an anachronistic 17th century Christian symbol was unfortunate and based on a strongly contested theory that Odin wore women's clothes as part of divinatory seiðr rituals. These are, however, minor quibbles with an expertly crafted film which is well cast, with actors pulling off some phenomenal performances (Nicole Kidman deserves particular praise for her role as the detestable Queen Gudrún). Eggers is certainly among the greatest filmmakers of his generation and regardless of how well The Northman performs at the box office, I don't need to put on a dress to prophesy that it will be remembered as a cult classic of cinema history.
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